# Beginner's guide to writing end-to-end tests
> 原文：[https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/testing_guide/end_to_end/beginners_guide.html](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/testing_guide/end_to_end/beginners_guide.html)
* [Before you write a test](#before-you-write-a-test)
* [Determine if end-to-end tests are needed](#determine-if-end-to-end-tests-are-needed)
* [Identify the DevOps stage](#identify-the-devops-stage)
* [Create a skeleton test](#create-a-skeleton-test)
* [The outer `context` block](#the-outer-context-block)
* [The outer `RSpec.describe` block](#the-outer-rspecdescribe-block)
* [The `describe` block](#the-describe-block)
* [The `it` blocks (examples)](#the-it-blocks-examples)
* [Write the test](#write-the-test)
* [De-duplicate your code](#de-duplicate-your-code)
* [Test setup using resources and page objects](#test-setup-using-resources-and-page-objects)
* [Write the page object](#write-the-page-object)
* [Run the spec](#run-the-spec)
# Beginner’s guide to writing end-to-end tests[](#beginners-guide-to-writing-end-to-end-tests "Permalink")
在本教程中，您将学习如何为[GitLab 社区版](https://about.gitlab.com/install/?version=ce)和[GitLab 企业版](https://about.gitlab.com/install/)创建端到端（ *e2e* ）测试.
在本教程结束时，您将能够：
* 确定是否需要端到端测试.
* Understand the directory structure within `qa/`.
* 编写一个基本的端到端测试，以验证登录功能.
* 开发任何缺少的[页面对象](page_objects.html)库.
## Before you write a test[](#before-you-write-a-test "Permalink")
在编写测试之前，必须将您的[GitLab 开发套件（GDK）](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-development-kit)配置为运行规范. 端到端测试：
* 包含在`qa/`目录中.
* 应该是独立和[幂等的](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idempotence#Computer_science_meaning) .
* 临时创建[资源](resources.html) （例如项目，问题，用户）.
* Test the UI and API interfaces, and use the API to efficiently set up the UI tests.
**提示：**有关更多信息，请参阅[端到端测试最佳实践](best_practices.html) .
## Determine if end-to-end tests are needed[](#determine-if-end-to-end-tests-are-needed "Permalink")
在编写端到端测试之前，请为[GitLab 社区版](https://gitlab-org.gitlab.io/gitlab-foss/coverage-ruby/#_AllFiles)和[GitLab 企业版](https://gitlab-org.gitlab.io/gitlab/coverage-ruby/#_AllFiles)项目检查特定功能的代码覆盖率. 在单元，功能或集成级别上是否存在足够的测试范围？ 如果回答*是肯定的* ，那么你*就*需要一个终端到终端的测试.
有关 GitLab 中每个级别的测试分布的信息，请参见[测试级别](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/blob/master/doc/development/testing_guide/testing_levels.md) .
* 请参阅[如何以正确的级别进行测试？](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/blob/master/doc/development/testing_guide/testing_levels.md#how-to-test-at-the-correct-level) " [测试级别"](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/blob/master/doc/development/testing_guide/testing_levels.md)文档的"部分".
* 查看功能更改的频率. 如果较低级别的测试中已经包含了稳定的特性，那么这些特性不会经常更改，那么端到端测试可能就不值得考虑.
* 最后，与参与实现功能和较低级别测试的开发人员讨论建议的测试.
**注意：**检查[GitLab 社区版](https://gitlab-org.gitlab.io/gitlab-foss/coverage-ruby/#_AllFiles)和[GitLab 企业版](https://gitlab-org.gitlab.io/gitlab/coverage-ruby/#_AllFiles)覆盖率项目，以检查是否为此功能编写了以前的测试. 为了分析代码覆盖率，您必须了解哪些应用程序文件实现了特定功能.**注意：**在本教程中，我们将编写一个登录端到端测试，即使它已经被较低级别的测试所覆盖，因为这是大多数端到端流的第一步，并且最容易理解.
## Identify the DevOps stage[](#identify-the-devops-stage "Permalink")
GitLab QA 端到端测试是由[DevOps 生命周期](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/tree/master/qa/qa/specs/features/browser_ui)的不同[阶段](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/tree/master/qa/qa/specs/features/browser_ui)组织的. 确定应按[阶段](https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/product/product-categories/#devops-stages)放置测试的位置，确定该测试属于哪个功能，然后将其放置在该阶段下的子目录中.
[](img/gl-devops-lifecycle-by-stage-numbers_V12_10.png)
**注意：**如果该测试仅是企业版，则将在`features/ee`目录中创建该测试，但遵循相同的 DevOps 生命周期格式.
## Create a skeleton test[](#create-a-skeleton-test "Permalink")
在本教程的第一部分中，我们将测试由 Manage 阶段拥有的登录名. 在`qa/specs/features/browser_ui/1_manage/login` ，创建文件`basic_login_spec.rb` .
### The outer `context` block[](#the-outer-context-block "Permalink")
参见[`RSpec.describe`外部块](#the-outer-rspecdescribe-block)
**弃用声明：**遵循 RSpec 4.0 规范在`13.2`中[弃用](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/quality/team-tasks/-/issues/550)了外部`context` . 请改用`RSpec.describe` .
### The outer `RSpec.describe` block[](#the-outer-rspecdescribe-block "Permalink")
规格具有外部`RSpec.describe`指示 DevOps 阶段.
```
# frozen_string_literal: true
module QA
RSpec.describe 'Manage' do
end
end
```
### The `describe` block[](#the-describe-block "Permalink")
在我们的外部`RSpec.describe`内部，描述要测试的功能. 在这种情况下，请`Login` .
```
# frozen_string_literal: true
module QA
RSpec.describe 'Manage' do
describe 'Login' do
end
end
end
```
### The `it` blocks (examples)[](#the-it-blocks-examples "Permalink")
每个测试套件包含至少一个`it`阻断（实施例）. 一个好方法，开始写终端到终端的测试是编写测试用例描述为`it`块：
```
module QA
RSpec.describe 'Manage' do
describe 'Login' do
it 'can login' do
end
it 'can logout' do
end
end
end
end
```
## Write the test[](#write-the-test "Permalink")
一个重要的问题是"我们要测试什么？" 更重要的是，"我们如何测试？"
首先登录.
```
# frozen_string_literal: true
module QA
RSpec.describe 'Manage' do
describe 'Login' do
it 'can login' do
Flow::Login.sign_in
end
it 'can logout' do
Flow::Login.sign_in
end
end
end
end
```
[运行规范后](#run-the-spec) ，我们的测试应登录并结束； 那么我们应该回答"我们要测试什么？"这个问题.
```
# frozen_string_literal: true
module QA
RSpec.describe 'Manage' do
describe 'Login' do
it 'can login' do
Flow::Login.sign_in
Page::Main::Menu.perform do |menu|
expect(menu).to be_signed_in
end
end
it 'can logout' do
Flow::Login.sign_in
Page::Main::Menu.perform do |menu|
menu.sign_out
expect(menu).not_to be_signed_in
end
end
end
end
end
```
**我们要测试什么？**
1. 我们可以登录吗？
2. 我们可以注销吗？
**我们如何测试？**
1. 检查用户头像是否出现在顶部导航中.
2. 检查用户头像*是否未*出现在顶部导航中.
**注意：**在幕后， `be_signed_in`是一个[谓词匹配器](https://relishapp.com/rspec/rspec-expectations/v/3-8/docs/built-in-matchers/predicate-matchers) ，可[实现对用户头像的检查](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/master/qa/qa/page/main/menu.rb#L74) .
## De-duplicate your code[](#de-duplicate-your-code "Permalink")
将测试重构为使用`before`块进行测试设置，因为它复制了对`sign_in`的调用.
```
# frozen_string_literal: true
module QA
RSpec.describe 'Manage' do
describe 'Login' do
before do
Flow::Login.sign_in
end
it 'can login' do
Page::Main::Menu.perform do |menu|
expect(menu).to be_signed_in
end
end
it 'can logout' do
Page::Main::Menu.perform do |menu|
menu.sign_out
expect(menu).not_to be_signed_in
end
end
end
end
end
```
`before`块本质上是一个`before(:each)`并且在每个示例之前运行，确保我们现在在每个测试的开始处登录.
## Test setup using resources and page objects[](#test-setup-using-resources-and-page-objects "Permalink")
接下来，让我们测试登录以外的其他功能. 让我们测试"计划"阶段拥有的"问题"，因此在`qa/specs/features/browser_ui/3_create/issues` [创建一个](#identify-the-devops-stage)名为`issues_spec.rb` .
```
# frozen_string_literal: true
module QA
RSpec.describe 'Plan' do
describe 'Issues' do
let(:issue) do
Resource::Issue.fabricate_via_api! do |issue|
issue.title = 'My issue'
issue.description = 'This is an issue specific to this test'
end
end
before do
Flow::Login.sign_in
issue.visit!
end
it 'can close an issue' do
Page::Project::Issue::Show.perform do |show|
show.click_close_issue_button
expect(show).to be_closed
end
end
end
end
end
```
请注意以下要点：
* 在我们的示例开始时，我们将在`page/issue/show.rb` [页面](page_objects.html) .
* 我们的测试仅在需要时制造需要的东西.
* 该问题是通过 API 伪造的，以节省时间.
* GitLab 更喜欢`let()`不是实例变量. 查看[最佳做法](../best_practices.html#let-variables) .
* `be_closed`尚未在`page/project/issue/show.rb`中实现，但将在下一步中实现.
该问题被伪装成[Resource](resources.html) ，它是您可以通过 UI 或 API 创建的 GitLab 实体. 其他示例包括：
* A [Merge Request](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/master/qa/qa/resource/merge_request.rb).
* A [User](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/master/qa/qa/resource/user.rb).
* A [Project](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/master/qa/qa/resource/project.rb).
* A [Group](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/master/qa/qa/resource/group.rb).
## Write the page object[](#write-the-page-object "Permalink")
[Page Object](page_objects.html)是我们套件中的一个类，代表 GitLab 中的一个页面. **登录**页面就是一个例子. 由于我们的" **问题显示"**页面的页面对象已经存在，请添加`closed?` 方法.
```
module Page::Project::Issue
class Show
view 'app/views/projects/issues/show.html.haml' do
element :closed_status_box
end
def closed?
has_element?(:closed_status_box)
end
end
end
```
接下来，在视图中定义元素`closed_status_box` ，以便页面对象可以看到它.
```
-#=> app/views/projects/issues/show.html.haml .issuable-status-box.status-box.status-box-issue-closed{ ..., data: { qa_selector: 'closed_status_box' } }
```
## Run the spec[](#run-the-spec "Permalink")
在运行规范之前，请确认：
* GDK 已安装.
* GDK 在本地 3000 端口上运行.
* 尚未应用其他[RSpec 元数据标签](rspec_metadata_tests.html) .
* 您的工作目录是 GDK GitLab 安装中的`qa/` .
要运行该规范，请运行以下命令：
```
bundle exec bin/qa Test::Instance::All http://localhost:3000 -- <test_file>
```
Where `<test_file>` is:
* 运行"登录"示例时，请输入`qa/specs/features/browser_ui/1_manage/login/login_spec.rb` .
* 运行"问题"示例时，请执行`qa/specs/features/browser_ui/2_plan/issues/issue_spec.rb` .
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