3.2.2 高级用法 · python3爬虫笔记

# 3.2.2 高级用法 ## 1. 文件上传 {#1-文件上传} 利用requests实现文件上传实例: ```text import requests files = {'file':open('favicon.ico','rb')} response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',files=files) print(response.text) ``` 运行结果: ```text { "args": {}, "data": "", "files": { "file": 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}, "form": {}, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Connection": "close", "Content-Length": "6665", "Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=6790c78bd178438aa1f006feb3faf802", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4" }, "json": null, "origin": "220.197.208.229", "url": "http://httpbin.org/post" } ``` ## 2. Cookies {#2-cookies} 设置cookies实例: ```text import requests response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com') print(response.cookies) for key,value in response.cookies.items(): print(key+"="+value) ``` 运行结果: ```text <RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/>]> BDORZ=27315 ``` 返回的是RequestCookieJar 类型以知乎为例，直接利用 Cookies 来维持登录状态 ```text import requests headers = { 'Cookie': 'q_c1=31653b264a074fc9a57816d1ea93ed8b|1474273938000|1474273938000; d_c0="AGDAs254kAqPTr6NW1U3XTLFzKhMPQ6H_nc=|1474273938"; __utmv=51854390.100-1|2=registration_date=20130902=1^3=entry_date=20130902=1;a_t="2.0AACAfbwdAAAXAAAAso0QWAAAgH28HQAAAGDAs254kAoXAAAAYQJVTQ4FCVgA360us8BAklzLYNEHUd6kmHtRQX5a6hiZxKCynnycerLQ3gIkoJLOCQ==";z_c0=Mi4wQUFDQWZid2RBQUFBWU1DemJuaVFDaGNBQUFCaEFsVk5EZ1VKV0FEZnJTNnp3RUNTWE10ZzBRZFIzcVNZZTFGQmZn|1474887858|64b4d4234a21de774c42c837fe0b672fdb5763b0', 'Host': 'www.zhihu.com', 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/53.0.2785.116 Safari/537.36', } r = requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com', headers=headers) print(r.text) ``` 运行结果: ```text <!doctype html> <html lang="zh" data-hairline="true" data-theme="light"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><title data-react-helmet="true">知乎 - 发现更大的世界</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=1"/><meta name="renderer" content="webkit"/><meta name="force-rendering" content="webkit"/><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="FTeR0c8arOPKh8c5DYh_9uu98_zJbaWw53J-Sch9MTg"/><link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://static.zhihu.com/static/favicon.ico"/><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://static.zhihu.com/static/search.xml" title="知乎"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//static.zhimg.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//pic1.zhimg.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//pic2.zhimg.com"/><link 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data-config="{"apiAddress":"/api/v4/","deployEnv":"production"}" data-useragent="{"os":{"name":"Mac OS","version":"10.11.4"},"browser":{"name":"Chrome","version":"53.0.2785.116","major":"53"}}"></div><script src="https://static.zhihu.com/heifetz/vendor.caf889932b6061dcc35e.js"></script><script src="https://static.zhihu.com/heifetz/main.raven.d45641973a98a902cea1.js" defer=""></script><script src="https://static.zhihu.com/heifetz/main.app.cf660aebca0ff7adefa1.js"></script><script></script></body></html> ``` 当然也可以通过 cookies 参数来设置，不过这样就需要构造 RequestsCookieJar 对象，而且需要分割一下 Cookies ，相对繁琐，不过效果是相同的，实例如下： ```text import requests cookies = 'q_c1=31653b264a074fc9a57816d1ea93ed8b|1474273938000|1474273938000; d_c0="AGDAs254kAqPTr6NW1U3XTLFzKhMPQ6H_nc=|1474273938"; __utmv=51854390.100-1|2=registration_date=20130902=1^3=entry_date=20130902=1;a_t="2.0AACAfbwdAAAXAAAAso0QWAAAgH28HQAAAGDAs254kAoXAAAAYQJVTQ4FCVgA360us8BAklzLYNEHUd6kmHtRQX5a6hiZxKCynnycerLQ3gIkoJLOCQ==";z_c0=Mi4wQUFDQWZid2RBQUFBWU1DemJuaVFDaGNBQUFCaEFsVk5EZ1VKV0FEZnJTNnp3RUNTWE10ZzBRZFIzcVNZZTFGQmZn|1474887858|64b4d4234a21de774c42c837fe0b672fdb5763b0' jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar() headers = { 'Host': 'www.zhihu.com', 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/53.0.2785.116 Safari/537.36' } for cookie in cookies.split(';'): key, value = cookie.split('=', 1) jar.set(key, value) r = requests.get('http://www.zhihu.com', cookies=jar, headers=headers) print(r.text) ``` 首先新建了一个 RequestCookieJar 对象，然后将复制下来的 Cookies 利用 split\(\) 方法分割，利用 set\(\) 方法设置好每一个 Cookie 的 key 和 value，然后通过调用 Requests 的 get\(\) 方法并传递给 cookies 参数即可，当然由于知乎本身的限制， headers 参数也不能少，只不过不需要在原来的 headers 参数里面设置 Cookie 字段了 ## 3. 会话维持 {#3-会话维持} 测试网址:[http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789](http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789) 解决这个问题的主要方法就是维持同一个会话，也就是相当于打开一个新的浏览器选项卡而不是新开一个浏览器。但是我又不想每次设置 Cookies，那该怎么办？这时候就有了新的利器 Session对象。利用它，我们可以方便地维护一个会话，而且不用担心 Cookies 的问题，它会帮我们自动处理好实例: ```text import requests requests.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789") r = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies") print(r.text) ``` 运行结果: ```text { "cookies": { } } ``` 不能成功获取到设置的 Cookies 使用session测试 ```text import requests s = requests.Session() s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789") r = s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies") print(r.text) ``` 运行结果: ```text { "cookies": { "number": "123456789" } } ``` 利用 Session 我们可以做到模拟同一个会话，而且不用担心 Cookies 的问题，通常用于模拟登录成功之后再进行下一步的操作 ## 4. SSL证书验证 {#4-ssl证书验证} 测试网址:[https://www.12306.cn](https://www.12306.cn) Requests 提供了证书验证的功能，当发送 HTTP 请求的时候，它会检查 SSL 证书，我们可以使用 verify 这个参数来控制是否检查此证书，其实如果不加的话默认是 True，会自动验证。测试: ```text import requests response = requests.get("https://www.12306.cn") print(response.status_code) ``` 运行结果: ```text requests.exceptions.SSLError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='www.12306.cn', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: / (Caused by SSLError(CertificateError("hostname 'www.12306.cn' doesn't match either of 'webssl.chinanetcenter.com', 'i.l.inmobicdn.net', '*.fn-mart.com', 'www.1zhe.com', '*.pinganfang.com', '*.anhouse.com', 'dl.jphbpk.gxpan.cn', 'dl.givingtales.gxpan.cn', 'dl.toyblast.gxpan.cn', 'dl.sds.gxpan.cn', 'download.ctrip.com', 'mh.tiancity.com', 'app.4399.cn', 'i.4399.cn', 'm.4399.cn', 'a.4399.cn', 'cdn.hxjyios.iwan4399.com', 'ios.hxjy.iwan4399.com', 'gjzx.gjzq.com.cn', 'f.3000test.com', 'tj.img4399.com', '*.zhe800.com', '*.qiyipic.com', '*.vxinyou.com', '*.gdjh.vxinyou.com', '*.3000.com', 'pay.game2.cn', 'static1.j.cn', 'static2.j.cn', 'static3.j.cn', 'static4.j.cn', 'video1.j.cn', 'video2.j.cn', 'video3.j.cn', 'online.j.cn', 'playback.live.j.cn', 'audio1.guang.j.cn', 'audio2.guang.j.cn', 'audio3.guang.j.cn', 'img1.guang.j.cn', 'img2.guang.j.cn', 'img3.guang.j.cn', 'img4.guang.j.cn', 'img5.guang.j.cn', 'img6.guang.j.cn', '*.4399youpai.com', 'w.tancdn.com', '*.3000api.com', 'static11.j.cn', '*.kuyinyun.com', '*.kuyin123.com', '*.diyring.cc', '3000test.com', '*.3000test.com', 'www.3387.com', 'bbs.4399.cn', '*.cankaoxiaoxi.com', '*.service.kugou.com', 'test.macauslot.com', 'testm.macauslot.com', 'testtran.macauslot.com', 'xiuxiu.huodong.meitu.com', '*.meitu.com', '*.meitudata.com', '*.wheetalk.com', '*.shanliaoapp.com', 'xiuxiu.web.meitu.com', 'api.account.meitu.com', 'open.web.meitu.com', 'id.api.meitu.com', 'api.makeup.meitu.com', 'im.live.meipai.com', '*.meipai.com', 'm.macauslot.com', 'www.macauslot.com', 'web.macauslot.com', 'translation.macauslot.com', 'img1.homekoocdn.com', 'cdn.homekoocdn.com', 'cdn1.homekoocdn.com', 'cdn2.homekoocdn.com', 'cdn3.homekoocdn.com', 'cdn4.homekoocdn.com', 'img.homekoocdn.com', 'img2.homekoocdn.com', 'img3.homekoocdn.com', 'img4.homekoocdn.com', '*.macauslot.com', '*.samsungapps.com', 'auto.tancdn.com', '*.winbo.top', 'static.bst.meitu.com', 'api.xiuxiu.meitu.com', 'api.photo.meituyun.com', 'h5.selfiecity.meitu.com', 'api.selfiecity.meitu.com', 'h5.beautymaster.meiyan.com', 'api.beautymaster.meiyan.com', 'www.yawenb.com', 'm.yawenb.com', 'www.biqugg.com', 'www.dawenxue.net', 'cpg.meitubase.com', 'www.qushuba.com', 'www.ranwena.com', 'www.u8xsw.com', '*.4399sy.com', 'ms.awqsaged.cn', 'fanxing2.kugou.com', 'fanxing.kugou.com', 'sso.56.com', 'upload.qf.56.com', 'sso.qianfan.tv', 'cdn.danmu.56.com', 'www-ppd.hermes.cn', 'www-uat.hermes.cn', 'www-ts2.hermes.cn', 'www-tst.hermes.cn', '*.syyx.com', 'img.wgeqr.cn', 'img.wgewa.cn', 'img.09mk.cn', 'img.85nh.cn', '*.zhuoquapp.com', 'img.dtmpekda8.cn', 'img.etmpekda6.cn', '*.5054399.com', '*.aiwan4399.com', 'user.beevideo.bestv.com.cn', '*.3839.com', '*.actdelivery.net', '*.4399.cn'",),)) ``` 提示一个错误，叫做 SSLError，证书验证错误。所以如果我们请求一个 HTTPS 站点，但是证书验证错误的页面时，就会报这样的错误如何避免这个错误,只需把 verify 这个参数设置为 False 即可。 ```text import requests response = requests.get("https://www.12306.cn",verify=False) print(response.status_code) ``` 运行结果: ```text E:\Python36\lib\site-packages\urllib3\connectionpool.py:858: InsecureRequestWarning: Unverified HTTPS request is being made. Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html#ssl-warnings InsecureRequestWarning) 200 ``` 不过发现报了一个警告，它提示建议让我们给它指定证书。可以通过设置忽略警告的方式来屏蔽这个警告： ```text import requests import urllib3 urllib3.disable_warnings() response = requests.get("https://www.12306.cn",verify=False) print(response.status_code) ``` 运行结果: ```text 200 ``` 或者通过捕获警告到日志的方式忽略警告： ```text import requests import logging logging.captureWarnings(True) response = requests.get("https://www.12306.cn",verify=False) print(response.status_code) ``` 可以指定一个本地证书用作客户端证书，可以是单个文件（包含密钥和证书）或一个包含两个文件路径的元组 ```text import requests response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify="E:/SRCA.crt") print(response.status_code) ``` ## 5. 代理设置 {#5-代理设置} 设置代理，在 Requests 中需要用到 proxies 这个参数 ```text import requests # 代理池 proxies = { 'http': 'http://10.10.1.10:3128', 'https': 'http://10.10.1.10:1080', } r = requests.get('https://www.taobao.com',proxies=proxies) print(r.status_code) ``` 若代理需要使用 HTTP Basic Auth，可以使用类似[http://user:password@host:port](http://user:password@host:port/)这样的语法来设置代理实例: ```text import requests proxies = { 'https': 'http://user:password@10.10.1.10:3128/', } requests.get('https://www.taobao.com', proxies=proxies) ``` 除了基本的 HTTP 代理，Requests 还支持 SOCKS 协议的代理。需要安装 Socks 这个库，命令如下： ```text pip3 install "requests[socks]" ``` 然后就可以使用 SOCKS 协议代理了 ```text socks5://user:password@host:port ``` 实例: ```text import requests proxies = { 'http': 'socks5://user:password@host:port', 'https': 'socks5://user:password@host:port' } requests.get('https://www.taobao.com', proxies=proxies) ``` ## 6. 超时设置 {#6-超时设置} 设置超时时间需要用到 timeout 参数。这个时间的计算是发出 Request 到服务器返回 Response 的时间 ```text import requests r = requests.get('https://www.taobao.com', timeout=1) print(r.status_code) ``` 通过这样的方式，我们可以将超时时间设置为 1 秒，如果 1 秒内没有响应，那就抛出异常。实际上请求分为两个阶段，即 connect（连接）和 read（读取）。上面的设置 timeout 值将会用作 connect 和 read 二者的 timeout 总和。如果要分别指定，就可以传入一个元组： ```text r = requests.get('https://www.taobao.com', timeout=(5, 11)) ``` 如果想永久等待，那么我们可以直接将 timeout 设置为 None，或者不设置直接留空，因为默认是 None。这样的话，如果服务器还在运行，但是响应特别慢，那就慢慢等吧，它永远不会返回超时错误的。 ```text r = requests.get('https://www.taobao.com', timeout=None) 或者 r = requests.get('https://www.taobao.com') ``` ## 7. 身份认证 {#7-身份认证} ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/704a30d1c927252998e78b3ee839d1df_1530x1238.png)有可能遇到这样的页面认证，可以使用Requests字典的身份认证功能 ```text import requests from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth r = requests.get('http://localhost:5000', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('username', 'password')) print(r.status_code) ``` 更简便的认证，可以直接传一个元组，它会默认使用 HTTPBasicAuth 这个类来认证 ```text import requests r = requests.get('http://localhost:5000', auth=('username', 'password')) print(r.status_code) ``` Requests 还提供了其他的认证方式，如 OAuth 认证，不过需要安装 oauth 包 ```text pip install requests_oauthlib ``` 使用OAuth1方法认证 ```text import requests from requests_oauthlib import OAuth1 url = 'https://api.twitter.com/1.1/account/verify_credentials.json' auth = OAuth1('YOUR_APP_KEY', 'YOUR_APP_SECRET', 'USER_OAUTH_TOKEN', 'USER_OAUTH_TOKEN_SECRET') requests.get(url,auth=auth) ``` requests\_oauthlib官方文档:[https://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.org/](https://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.org/) ## 8. Prepared Request {#8-prepared-request} 实例: ```text from requests import Request,Session url = 'http://httpbin.org/post' data = { 'name':'angle', } headers = { 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/53.0.2785.116 Safari/537.36' } s = Session() req = Request('POST',url,data=data,headers=headers) prepped = s.prepare_request(req) r = s.send(prepped) print(r.text) ``` 引入 Request，然后用 url、data、headers 参数构造了一个 Request 对象，需要再调用 Session 的 prepare\_request\(\) 方法将其转换为一个 Prepared Request 对象，然后调用 send\(\) 方法发送即可运行结果: ```text { "args": {}, "data": "", "files": {}, "form": { "name": "angle" }, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Connection": "close", "Content-Length": "10", "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/53.0.2785.116 Safari/537.36" }, "json": null, "origin": "220.197.208.229", "url": "http://httpbin.org/post" } ``` 有了 Request 这个对象，就可以将一个个请求当做一个独立的对象来看待，这样在进行队列调度的时候会非常方便 ## 9.相关链接官方文档:[http://docs.python-requests.org/](http://docs.python-requests.org/)