#linux的几个基本说明
以下内容来自于辕询老师
Linux is a kernel.
It can manage files (open, close, read, write) and folders.
It can execute programs.
It can control hardware if the proper drivers are installed.
Linux 是一个内核。
它能管理文件（开，关，读，写）和卷宗。
它能运行程序。
它能控制硬件，要是恰当的驱动者被安装了。
However, Linux does not have a human interface.
It does not contain a textual interface (also known as a command line).
It does not contain a pictorial interface (also known as a GUI).
These must be compiled, installed, and configured separately.
可是，Linux 没有人间的界面。
它缺乏文字界面（或者叫：命令行）。
它缺乏图画界面（或者叫：GUI）。
这些需要另外被编译，安装，及设置。
Linux suffers from six main problems:
The kernel is difficult to compile, install, and configure.
Programs are difficult to compile, install, and configure.
Linux 患有六个主要的问题：
内核难捱编译，安装，及设置。
程序难捱编译，安装，及设置。
The community of Linux is divided among distributions:
Red Hat family: Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Fedora, CentOS.
Debian family: Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Elementary OS.
Arch Linux, Gentoo, Slackware...
Distributions from the same family share code with each other, and expertise.
Linux 的社区是被发行版本而间隔的。
Red Hat 系列：Red Hat Enterprise Linux，Fedora，CentOS。
Debian 系列：Debian，Ubuntu，Linux Mint，Elementary OS。
Arch Linux，Gentoo，Slackware……
相同的系列的发行版本互相会分享代码和经验。
Every distributional community alleviates the six problems by means of the following:
Compiling the kernel on the user's behalf.
Modifying the source, or the building process, of the kernel, to make compilation easier.
Providing a special program called a package manager to install other programs.
Modifying the source of programs to avoid filepath collisions.
Configuring programs on the user's behalf.
Compiling, installing, and configuring drivers on the user's behalf.
每一个发行社区会通过下列的方式来缓解这六个问题：
替代用户来编译内核。
更改内核的源码，或者建造的过程，为了让编译更加容易。
提供特殊的软件，叫做包裹管理者，为了安装其它的程序。
更改程序的源码，为了避免文件路径碰撞。
替代用户来设置程序。
替代用户来编译，安装，及设置驱动者。
Distributional communities perpetuate several problems with Linux:
The installation filepaths of programs are mandated and cannot be changed.
After a program is installed, it cannot be moved.
Programs have excessive and sometimes circular dependencies.
Programs often break down from poor or conflicting configurations.
Drivers often break down, or fail to activate, or behave improperly.
Transparency (or comprehensibility) of the system is sacrificed in the name of "open source."
发行社区拖长了好几个一存在于Linux 的问题：
文件路径是被下令的，而不能被改变。
程序被安装了之后，不能被移动。
程序拥有过分的，而有时候，含循环的依赖性。
程序经常出毛病，由于稀松的，或者含矛盾的设置。
系统的透明性（或者叫：领会性）以开源的名义被牺牲了。
Every distributional community maintains a whitelist of programs which it will support. The community will
download the source of these programs, and modify it, and often compile it on behalf of the user. Afterward,
the user can use the community's own package manager to trigger the speedy installation of this program
without further labor. If the user wants to install a program not on the whitelist, then he cannot use the
package manager, and the process of installing that program is time-consuming and laborious. Programs
which are closed-source are almost never considered for the whitelist. However, drivers which are
closed-source are considered. GNU is unhappy with the consideration of closed-source drivers, and
complains to the distributional communities, but the drivers are too important to be excluded.
每一个发行社区会维持一个受支持的程序的白名单。社区会下在这些程序的源码，然后更改它，然后经常会替代用户来
编译它。过后，用户可以使用社区的私有的包裹管理者来引起那个程序的迅速的安装，而避免了更多的劳动。要是一个
用户想要安装一个不在白名单上的程序，它就用不了包裹管理者，而安装那个程序的过程会消耗时间，而会劳碌。闭源
的程序几乎不会被考虑来进入白名单。可是，闭源的驱动者会被考虑。GNU 不满意对于闭源的驱动者的考虑，而会向发
行社区抱怨，但是那些驱动者太重要了，而不利于被舍弃。
Nearly all Linux remote machines (also known as servers, or cloud computers) contain a program called
sshd(1). A machine can only be communicated with by means of SSH if the machine is turned on, and sshd(1)
is running. If sshd(1) stops running for whatever reason, then SSH will not work. sshd(1) possesses
administrative privileges, and if hacked, will cause the entire system to be compromised. sshd(1) is a
frequent victim of hacking attempts.
几乎所有的Linux 的远程的机器（或者叫：服务器，云计算机）包含一个叫做sshd(1) 的程序。一个机器只有在开机
时，而在运行sshd(1) 以下，才能通过SSH 接收通讯。要是sshd(1) 的运行因为任何原因而停止，SSH 就好使不了。
sshd(1) 拥有统治者权限，而且，要是被侵害，会引起整个系统被削弱。sshd(1) 经常是侵害试图的受害者。
On nearly all Linux remote machines, there is a program called init(1) which automatically runs after the
computer starts up. init(1) then executes sshd(1). If sshd(1) dies for whatever reason, init(1) will attempt to
execute sshd(1) again. Thus, the remote user can access his (or her) machine while not being physically
present.
在几乎所有的Linux 的远程机器上，有一个程序叫做init(1)，而当计算机启动，它会自动地运行。init(1) 接下来，会
运行sshd(1)。要是sshd(1) 为任何原因而灭亡，init(1) 会争取来重新运行sshd(1)。因此，远程的用户能够取用它
的机器，既然不在当场出面。
