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# 14.4 使用ThreadSaniiser向CDash报告数据争用 **NOTE**:*此示例代码可以在 https://github.com/dev-cafe/cmake-cookbook/tree/v1.0/chapter-14/recipe-03 中找到,其中包含一个C++示例。该示例在CMake 3.5版(或更高版本)中是有效的,并且已经在GNU/Linux、macOS和Windows上进行过测试。* 在这个示例中,我们将重用前一个示例中的方法,但是使用ThreadSanitizer或TSan,结合CTest和CDash,来检查数据竞争,并将它们报告给CDash。ThreadSanitizer的文档可以在网上找到,https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/ThreadSanitizerCppManual ## 准备工作 这个示例中,我们将使用以下示例代码(`example.cpp`): ```c++ #include <chrono> #include <iostream> #include <thread> static const int num_threads = 16; void increase(int i, int &s) { std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1)); std::cout << "thread " << i << " increases " << s++ << std::endl; } int main() { std::thread t[num_threads]; int s = 0; // start threads for (auto i = 0; i < num_threads; i++) { t[i] = std::thread(increase, i, std::ref(s)); } // join threads with main thread for (auto i = 0; i < num_threads; i++) { t[i].join(); } std::cout << "final s: " << s << std::endl; return 0; } ``` 这个示例代码中,我们启动16个线程,每个线程都调用`increase`函数。`increase`函数休眠1s,然后打印并递增一个整数`s`。我们预计此示例代码将显示数据竞争,因为所有线程读取和修改相同的地址,而不需要任何显式同步或协调。换句话说,我们期望在代码末尾打印的最终`s`,每次的结果都不同。代码有bug,我们将尝试在ThreadSanitizer的帮助下识别数据竞争。如果不运行ThreadSanitizer,我们可能不会看到代码有任何问题: ```shell $ ./example thread thread 0 increases 01 increases 1 thread 9 increases 2 thread 4 increases 3 thread 10 increases 4 thread 2 increases 5 thread 3 increases 6 thread 13 increases 7 thread thread 7 increases 8 thread 14 increases 9 thread 8 increases 10 thread 12 increases 11 thread 15 increases 12 thread 11 increases 13 5 increases 14 thread 6 increases 15 final s: 16 ``` ## 具体实施 1. 文件`CMakeLists.txt`首先定义一个受支持的最低版本、项目名称、受支持的语言。在本例中,定义了C++11标准项目: ```cmake cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5 FATAL_ERROR) project(recipe-04 LANGUAGES CXX) set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 11) set(CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS OFF) set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON) ``` 2. 接下来,找到线程库,定义可执行文件,并将其链接到线程库: ```cmake find_package(Threads REQUIRED) add_executable(example example.cpp) target_link_libraries(example PUBLIC Threads::Threads ) ``` 3. 然后,提供编译选项和代码,并链接到ThreadSanitizer: ```cmake option(ENABLE_TSAN "Enable ThreadSanitizer" OFF) if(ENABLE_TSAN) if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES GNU) message(STATUS "ThreadSanitizer enabled") target_compile_options(example PUBLIC -g -O1 -fsanitize=thread -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fPIC ) target_link_libraries(example PUBLIC tsan ) else() message(WARNING "ThreadSanitizer not supported for this compiler") endif() endif() ``` 4. 最后,编译测试用例: ```cmake enable_testing() # allow to report to a cdash dashboard include(CTest) add_test( NAME example COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:example> ) ``` 5. ` CTestConfig.cmake`没有变化: ```cmake set(CTEST_DROP_METHOD "http") set(CTEST_DROP_SITE "my.cdash.org") set(CTEST_DROP_LOCATION "/submit.php?project=cmake-cookbook") set(CTEST_DROP_SITE_CDASH TRUE) ``` 6. `dashboard.cmake `需要为TSan进行简单修改: ```cmake set(CTEST_PROJECT_NAME "example") cmake_host_system_information(RESULT _site QUERY HOSTNAME) set(CTEST_SITE ${_site}) set(CTEST_BUILD_NAME "${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME}-${CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR}") set(CTEST_SOURCE_DIRECTORY "${CTEST_SCRIPT_DIRECTORY}") set(CTEST_BINARY_DIRECTORY "${CTEST_SCRIPT_DIRECTORY}/build") include(ProcessorCount) ProcessorCount(N) if(NOT N EQUAL 0) set(CTEST_BUILD_FLAGS -j${N}) set(ctest_test_args ${ctest_test_args} PARALLEL_LEVEL ${N}) endif() ctest_start(Experimental) ctest_configure( OPTIONS -DENABLE_TSAN:BOOL=ON ) ctest_build() ctest_test() set(CTEST_MEMORYCHECK_TYPE "ThreadSanitizer") ctest_memcheck() ctest_submit() ``` 7. 让我们以这个例子为例。通过`CTEST_CMAKE_GENERATOR`选项来设置生成器: ```shell $ ctest -S dashboard.cmake -D CTEST_CMAKE_GENERATOR="Unix Makefiles" Each . represents 1024 bytes of output . Size of output: 0K Each symbol represents 1024 bytes of output. '!' represents an error and '*' a warning. . Size of output: 0K ``` 8. 在面板上,我们将看到以下内容: ![](https://img.kancloud.cn/3d/90/3d9017a5c0ac007db492b3f85af9d559_2754x759.png) 9. 我们可以看到更详细的动态分析: ![](https://img.kancloud.cn/5d/71/5d71fbc88dbed3a2ca0b8ce806fa249a_1401x487.png) ## 工作原理 该示例`CMakeLists.txt`的核心部分: ```cmake option(ENABLE_TSAN "Enable ThreadSanitizer" OFF) if(ENABLE_TSAN) if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES GNU) message(STATUS "ThreadSanitizer enabled") target_compile_options(example PUBLIC -g -O1 -fsanitize=thread -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fPIC ) target_link_libraries(example PUBLIC tsan ) else() message(WARNING "ThreadSanitizer not supported for this compiler") endif() endif() ``` `dashboard.cmake`也需要更新: ```cmake # ... ctest_start(Experimental) ctest_configure( OPTIONS -DENABLE_TSAN:BOOL=ON ) ctest_build() ctest_test() set(CTEST_MEMORYCHECK_TYPE "ThreadSanitizer") ctest_memcheck() ctest_submit() ``` 和上一个示例一样,我们也可以在本地查看ThreadSanitizer的输出: ```shell $ mkdir -p build $ cd build $ cmake -DENABLE_TSAN=ON .. $ cmake --build . $ cmake --build . --target test Start 1: example 1/1 Test #1: example ..........................***Failed 1.07 sec 0% tests passed, 1 tests failed out of 1 $ ./build/example thread 0 increases 0 ================== WARNING: ThreadSanitizer: data race (pid=24563) ... lots of output ... SUMMARY: ThreadSanitizer: data race /home/user/cmake-recipes/chapter-14/recipe-04/cxx-example/example ``` ## 更多信息 对使用OpenMP的应用TSan是很常见的,但是请注意,在某些情况下,OpenMP会在TSan下生成误检的结果。对于Clang编译器,一个解决方案是用`-DLIBOMP_TSAN_SUPPORT=TRUE`重新编译编译器本身及其`libomp`。通常,以合理的方式使用TSan可能需要重新编译整个工具堆栈,以避免误报。在使用pybind11的C++项目的情况,我们可能需要重新编译Python,并启用TSan来获得有意义的东西。或者,Python绑定可以通过使用TSan抑制而被排除在外,如 https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/threadsanitizersuppression 。例如:如果一个动态库同时被一个经过TSan的二进制文件和一个Python插件调用,那么这种情况可能是不可能使用TSan。 下面的博客文章讨论了如何添加对动态分析工具的支持:https://blog.kitware.com/ctest-cdash-add-support-for-new-dynamic-analysis-tools/